Essentials of Cardiovascular Examination (Paperback)  | Released: 30 Nov 2015

Essentials of Cardiovascular Examination highlights common mistakes made in cardiovascular examination. With 70 images, illustrations and information tables, Essentials of the Cardiovascular System covers anatomy and physiology, physical diagnosis of all common cardiovascular diseases, their investigation and treatment.The book provides a solid foundation of clinical knowledge for the beginner, and an excellent reference guide for the experienced clinician.Table of Contents: Contents Section–A Approach to the Patient 1–17 Chapter 1 The cardiac history 3 • Chief complaints 3 • Dyspnea 3 • Orthopnea 4 • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) 4 • Angina pectoris 5 • Palpitation 6 • Syncope 7 • Hemoptysis 8 Chapter 2 General examination in relation to cardiovascular system (CVS) 9 • Head to foot examination 9 Chapter 3 Examination proforma 11 • General examination 11 • Examination of the cardiovascular system 11 Chapter 4 Anatomy of heart and coronary circulation 14 • Embryology of the heart 14 • Anatomy of the heart 14 • Coronary circulation 15 • Venous drainage of the heart 16 • Lymphatic drainage of the heart 16 • Nerve supply of the heart 16 Section–B Cardiovascular System 19–63 Chapter 5 Arterial pulse 21 • Importance 21 • Method of palpation of the right radial artery 21 • Assessment of arterial pulse 21 • Rhythm 23 • Pulse volume 24 viii Essentials of Cardiovascular Examination • Pulse character 24 • Pulsus bisferiens 26 • Pulsus alternans 26 • Pulsus bigemini 27 • Pulsus trigemini 27 • Pulsus paradoxus 27 • Reverse pulsus paradoxus 28 • Condition of vessel wall 28 • Examination of peripheral pulses 29 • Radiofemoral delay 29 • Grading of the arterial pulsation 29 Chapter 6 Blood pressure 30 • Examination of blood pressure 30 Chapter 7 Jugular venous pulse and jugular venous pressure 32 • Jugular venous pressure 32 • Prerequisites in examination of JVP 32 • JVP as indicator of mean right atrial pressure 32 • Causes of elevated JVP 33 • Causes of fall in JVP 33 • Jugular venous pulse 34 Chapter 8 Inspection of precordium 37 Chapter 9 Palpation 39 • Apical impulse 39 • Causes of right ventricular enlargement 41 Chapter 10 Percussion of the heart 43 Chapter 11 Auscultation 44 Chapter 12 First heart sound (S1) 46 Chapter 13 Second heart sound (S2) 48 • Loud S2 48 • Soft S2 may be due to soft A2 or soft P2 48 • Single S2 49 Contents ix • Splitting of S2 49 • Types of split S2 50 Chapter 14 Third heart sound (S3) 51 Chapter 15 Fourth heart sound (S4) 52 • S4—atrial contraction sound 52 Chapter 16 Ejection clicks 54 Chapter 17 Heart murmurs 56 • Systolic murmurs 57 • Diastolic murmurs 58 • Continuous murmur 59 • To and fro murmur (biphasic murmur) 61 • Systolic–diastolic murmur 62 • Innocent murmurs 62 • Functional murmurs 62 • Pansystolic murmur (PSM) 63 Section–C Cardiovascular system and related diseases 65–212 Chapter 18 Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) 67 Chapter 19 Infective endocarditis 72 • Acute endocarditis 72 • Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) 73 • Endocarditis occurring among injection drug users 73 Chapter 20 Mitral stenosis (MS) 77 • Juvenile mitral stenosis 78 • Pulmonary edema 79 • Auscultation 79 • Atrial myxoma 82 Chapter 21 Mitral regurgitation (MR) 84 • Mitral regurgitation 84 x Essentials of Cardiovascular Examination Chapter 22 Aortic stenosis (AS) 88 • Bicuspid aortic valve disease 88 • Silent AS 90 Chapter 23 Aortic regurgitation (AR) 93 • Aortic valve involvement 93 • Murmur 95 Chapter 24 Tricuspid stenosis (TS) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) 98 • Tricuspid stenosis (TS) 98 • When to entertain the diagnosis of TS 98 • Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) 99 Chapter 25 Pulmonary stenosis (PS) and pulmonary regurgitation (PR) 101 • Pulmonary stenosis (PS) 101 • Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) 102 Chapter 26 Pulmonary hypertension 104 Chapter 27 Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) 107 • Synonyms 107 Chapter 28 Atrial septal defect (ASD) 109 Chapter 29 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 112 • Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 112 Chapter 30 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 115 Chapter 31 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) 117 Chapter 32 Eisenmenger’s syndrome 121 Chapter 33 Coarctation of the aorta 123 • Investigations 124 • Chest radiograph 125 • Doppler echocardiography 125 Chapter 34 Other congenital heart diseases 127 • Malpositions of the heart 127 Contents xi • Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) 128 • Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) 128 Chapter 35 Heart failure (HF) 132 • Classification of cardiac failure 132 • Right and left-sided heart failure and congestive cardiac failure 133 • Forward and backward heart failure 133 • Systolic and diastolic failure 133 • Left ventricular remodeling 134 • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) 134 • Cheyne-stokes respiration 134 • Drugs for heart failure 138 Chapter 36 Pulmonary thromboembolism (acute cor pulmonale) 140 • Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis 140 Chapter 37 Cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart disease) 144 Chapter 38 Systemic hypertension 148 • Hypertensive crises 148 • Clinical presentation 150 Chapter 39 Ischemic heart disease 154 • Stable angina pectoris 154 • Asymptomatic (silent) ischemia 158 Chapter 40 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 159 • Serum cardiac biomarkers 161 Chapter 41 Unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 168 • NSTEMI 168 • Prinzmetal's variant angina 171 xii Essentials of Cardiovascular Examination Chapter 42 Arrhythmias 172 • Tachyarrhythmias 172 • Bradyarrhythmias 181 Chapter 43 Conduction disorders of the heart 185 • Right bundle branch block (RBBB) 185 • Left bundle branch block (LBBB) 186 • Hemiblocks (fascicular blocks) 187 Chapter 44 Pericardial diseases 189 • Pericarditis 189 • Cardiac tamponade 192 • Chronic constrictive pericarditis 193 Chapter 45 Myocarditis 195 Chapter 46 Cardiomyopathy 198 • Types of cardiomyopathy 198 • Dilated cardiomyopathy 198 • Restrictive (obliterative) cardiomyopathy 200 • Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HCM) 201 Chapter 47 Diseases of the aorta 203 • Aortic aneurysm 203 • Classification aneurysms 203 • Thoracic aortic aneurysms 204 • Abdominal aortic aneurysms 205 • Aortic dissection 206 • Aortitis 206 Chapter 48 Cardiac manifestations of systemic disease 209 Chapter 49 Neoplastic diseases of the heart 211 • Primary tumors 211 • Other benign tumors 212 Section–D Investigations in Cardiovascular System (CVS) 213–229 Chapter 50 The electrocardiogram 215 • ECG waveforms and intervals 215 Contents xiii Chapter 51 Noninvasive cardiac imaging 221 • Echocardiography 221 • Radionuclide imaging 222 • MRI/CT imaging 222 Chapter 52 Stress tests 224 Chapter 53 Cardiac catheterization 226 • Cardiac catheterization 226 Index 231